The Frequency Effect in Second Language Visual Word Recognition - IT Assignment Help

Assignment Task:

Task:

Probably the most controlled variable in the literature on word recognition and production is word frequency. Partic-ipants respond faster to high-frequency (HF) words than to low-frequency (LF) words in almost any lexical processing task, including lexical decision, reading aloud, semantic categorization, and picture naming (e.g., Carroll & White, 1973; Forster & Chambers, 1973; Whaley, 1978).

Although there is little doubt that the word frequency ef- fect (FE) reflects an important property of the organization of the mental lexicon, there is debate about the specific locus of this effect. Some models consider the FE a result of implicit learning. In this view, lexical representations are strengthened by repeated exposure—for example, by lowering a recognition threshold (e.g., the logogen model of Morton, 1970). HF words are recognized faster than LF words are, because their lexical representations reach and surpass the threshold faster. A similar mechanism is also responsible for FEs in localized and distributed connec-tionist models of visual word recognition (e.g., McClelland & Rumelhart, 1981).

EXPERIMENT 1

Method
Participants. Eighteen first-year Ghent University students participated for course credit. All reported Dutch and English as, respectively, their L1 and L2. They received formal instruction in L2 for at least 5 years, and were regularly exposed to L2 through popular media (music, television, etc.), textbooks, and so on. Materials. The stimuli (see the Appendix) were 50 Dutch words and 50 English words, selected from the CELEX Lexical Database (Baayen, Piepenbrock, & van Rijn, 1993), using the WordGen stim-ulus generation software (Duyck, Desmet, Verbeke, & Brysbaert, 2004) and meeting the restrictions below. For each language, there were 25 LF and 25 HF words. As can be seen in Table 1, log fre-quency per million occurrences differed significantly between con-ditions within languages ( ps .001). Across languages, frequency was matched ( ps  .78). Also, L1 and L2 LF and HF words were matched for three additional variables influencing lexical decision times: number of letters, neighborhood size, and summed bigram frequency, all calculated using WordGen. Interlingual homographs and identical cognates were excluded from the stimuli.

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