The Relationship Between Coffee and Tea Consumption - Nursing Assignment Help

Assignment Task

Several studies have investigated the associations between diet and endometrial cancer, but few have focused specifically on coffee and tea. In a hospital-based case–control study, we examined the associations between endometrial cancer risk and usual consumption of coffee, decaffeinated coffee, and black tea among 541 women with endometrial cancer and 541 women with an intact uterus but without a cancer diagnosis seen at Roswell Park Cancer Institute (Buffalo, New York) between 1982 and 1998. Daily frequency of consumption of coffee, decaffeinated coffee, and black tea in the few years prior to diagnosis in cases and questionnaire completion in controls was assessed with a self-administered epidemiologic questionnaire and categorized as none, 0.5 cups/d, 1–2 cups/d and >2 cups/d. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each category referent to nondrinkers were estimated with unconditional logistic regression adjusting for age, endometrial cancer risk factors and each beverage mutually adjusted for other beverages. Compared to nondrinkers, we observed a nonsignificant negative association with endometrial cancer risk among women who reported >2 cups/d regular coffee (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.49–1.03), a significant inverse association with >2 cups/d black tea (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.35–0.90) and a significant inverse association with >4 cups/d combined coffee and tea consumption (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.28–0.80). These findings suggest coffee and tea may be important in reducing endometrial cancer risk.

According to American Cancer Society statistics for 2007, 39,080 women in the United States were expected to be diagnosed with incident endometrial cancer and approximately 7,400 women were expected to die from it.1 The majority of established risk factors for endometrial cancer support a hormonal etiology.2 Early menarche, infertility, obesity, and late menopause are all associated with an increased exposure to endogenous estrogen and have been positively associated with endometrial cancer. Obesity contributes to endogenous estrogen production, particularly in postmenopausal women, through conversion of androgens to estrogen in the peripheral adipose tissue. Conversely, high parity is associated with a reduced risk of endometrial cancer because of the opposition of estrogen by high levels of progesterone produced during pregnancy.

Although a number of studies have investigated associations between diet and endometrial cancer, relatively few studies have focused on coffee and tea as exposures. A case–control study in Sweden found that high (4 cups/d) vs. low (0.5 cup/d) coffee consumption was associated with a statistically nonsignificant decrease in risk of endometrial cancer.3 A case–control study of women in Japan also found a statistically inverse association between risk of endometrial cancer and coffee consumption in younger women; no association was observed for tea intake, leading researchers to conclude that the decrease in endometrial cancer was attributable to polyphenols specific to coffee.4 However, inverse associations have been observed for tea consumption and endometrial cancer in 2 other studies

Coffee and tea are among the most widely consumed beverages globally. Because of the volumes consumed, both coffee and tea are substantial sources of polyphenolic compounds, such as flavonoids, catechins, isoflavones and lignans.7 Polyphenols have been shown in experimental studies to inhibit carcinogenesis through antioxidant, antihormonal and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.8 On the other hand, these beverages also contain caffeine which affects a number of cell processes, and may function as a promoter as well as an inhibitor of carcinogenesis.9

Few studies have investigated the relationship between coffee and tea consumption and the risk of endometrial cancer. Therefore, we examined the association between coffee, decaffeinated coffee, and tea consumption and endometrial cancer in a hospitalbased case–control study at Roswell Park Cancer Institute (Buffalo, NY).

Material and methods

Data for these analyses were collected as part of the Patient Epidemiologic Data System (PEDS) conducted at Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RPCI) in Buffalo, NY, between 1982 and 1998 under an Institutional Review Board approved protocol. During this time, a comprehensive epidemiologic questionnaire was offered to all patients seen at RPCI for cancer diagnosis and/or treatment. Approximately 50% of patients offered returned the completed questionnaire. For the current analyses, we identified from the RPCI Tumor Registry and Diagnostic Index 541 women with incident, primary endometrial cancer. Median time between diagnosis and participation in PEDS was 21 days; 68% of cases participated within 2 months of diagnosis. Controls included 541 women with an intact uterus randomly selected from a pool of 5650 eligible women who had come to RPCI with a suspicion of neoplastic disease but were not diagnosed with malignant conditions. Controls were frequency matched 1:1 to cases on 5-year age strata

The PEDS questionnaire was a 16-page self-administered instrument covering information on tobacco and alcohol consumption, family history of cancer, occupational and environmental exposures, reproductive and medical histories, medication and vitamin usage, and diet. Diet in the few years before diagnosis was queried using a brief 44-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Beverages were asked separately from the FFQ and included questions on daily cups of coffee, decaffeinated coffee, and black tea. Although herbal tea was queried, very few patients reported drinking this type of tea; therefore, these analyses include black tea only.

This Nursing Assignment has been solved by our Nursing Experts at My Uni Paper. Our Assignment Writing Experts are efficient to provide a fresh solution to this question. We are serving more than 10000+ Students in Australia, UK & US by helping them to score HD in their academics. Our Experts are well trained to follow all marking rubrics & referencing style.

Be it a used or new solution, the quality of the work submitted by our assignment experts remains unhampered. You may continue to expect the same or even better quality with the used and new assignment solution files respectively. There’s one thing to be noticed that you could choose one between the two and acquire an HD either way. You could choose a new assignment solution file to get yourself an exclusive, plagiarism (with free Turnitin file), expert quality assignment or order an old solution file that was considered worthy of the highest distinction.