The Structure and Functions of the Skin Assignment

Assignment Task

Structure of the Skin and How does it protect you?

Skin is the largest human organ and is first line of defence against environmental stress. It carries out important functions such as protection, temperature regulation, preservation of water and electrolytes, and store fat and water (Gilaberte et al., 2016; Woo, 2019)

Integumentary system consists of the skin and appendages, its derivative structures, which includes nails, hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands develop from ectoderm surface and underlying mesenchyme.

The skin consists of three layers: the epidermis, dermis, and the hypodermis or subcutaneous Tissue.

Stratum Corneum of Epidermis is the uppermost layer made up of keratin and horny scales made up of dead keratinocytes which secrete defensins which are our first immune defence (Yousef et al., 2022).

Keratinocytes are predominant cell type of epidermis which produces keratin and plays vital role in the formation of epidermal water barrier by secreting lipids. It also regulates absorption of calcium by activating cholesterol precursors by UVB light to form vitamin D.

Melanocytes produce melanin which acts as a built-in sunscreen. UVB light stimulates secretion of melanin, which is protective against UV radiation.

Epidermal appendages such as pilosebaceous units, apocrine glands, eccrine ducts and nails promotes wound healing by encouraging re-epithelialization (Gilaberte et al., 2016).

The nail provides protection and counter pressure to the pulp that are vital for the tactile sensation of the fingers.

Dermis is the connective tissue layer made up of elastic tissue, collagen, and other extracellular components which includes vasculature, nerve endings, glands, and hair follicles (Brown & Krishnamurthy, 2022)

Nerve endings sense hair movement and acts as mechanoreceptors allowing sensation to extend beyond the surface of the skin.

Dermal adipocytes help with energy storage and provide insulation. It also assists in wound healing and follicle regeneration.

Hypodermis shapes the external features of the body, absorbs shock to underlying structures and regulate temperature.

Sebaceous glands produce and secrete sebum which has antimicrobial functions. It also helps moisturize the skin.

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