The Transition of the Entire Global Economy has Led to Rapid Urbanization - Management Assignment Help

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LAND TENURE AND URBAN CLIMATE RESILIENCE IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC

Introduction

The transition of the entire global economy has led to rapid urbanization and modernization in the recent decade. This transition not only endangered the green economy and sustainable aspects of the world but also denuded the needs and the living conditions of the human beings. Excessive industrialization has resulted in massive transformation of the global climate with the increase in the average temperature by about 0.17 degrees Fahrenheit per decade since 1900s. The instance of climate change has directly impacted on the land use and land occupation. Thereby affecting land access and land tenure. Hence climate change has potentially exhorted direct and indirect negative repercussions on human livelihood and affected the welfare and the prosperity of the economy.
This project aims to analyze the issues related to the land tenure in context of climate change and the vulnerability of the current climatic conditions in South Pacific regions. An effective literature review has been provided followed by a descriptive discussion on land tenure rights, climate resilience in South Pacific, land tenure issues in South Pacific, effect of land administration on climate change, linkages between land tenure and climate resilience in South Pacific, effective land and climate vulnerabilities and the risk factors to recognize and record land tenure rights and climate action planning.
Literature ReviewRecent studies have also depicted the fact that urbanization is one of the major aspects drive the climatic vulnerability and affects the land tenure in security in the developing regions of the world. The importance of good governance and sustainable development are some important aspects that dominate the present administrative culture. Numerous literatures have propounded effective theories on climate vulnerabilities and land tenure.

• Climate change refers to the recent change in the global climatic system resulting in global warming due to the increased level of greenhouse gases. Researches shows that there is an effective impact on the human activities and land tenure systems due to alteration in the production consumption industry agricultural and loss of vegetation cover and other carbon sinks (Govan, 2019).
• Climate variability indicates the climatic variations in the global climate and the change in weather patterns over vast regions that originate due to the variation in the ocean currents and other factors like El Nino Southern Oscillation.
• Climate change impacts refer to the direct and indirect impacts of climatic variations by changing the key aspects of ocean currents atmospheric temperature precipitation level sea levels frequency of storm events. These aspects together changed the entire global climatic system.
• Climate change adaptation indicates the adaptive capability of the human species. Humans spontaneously show adaptive features into organized processes. It is evident to note that climate changes have taken place due to the operation of land and natural resource use systems and other aspects of social and economic organizations (Charan, Kaur & Singh, 2017).
• Land tenure indicates the land and the uses of natural resources health by the individuals in the society or by a social group.
• Land policy refers to the set of rules and regulation enforced by the administration of a country in order to control the uses of lands and the land tenure, land holding, land access, land distribution and land resource utilization land occupation land related planning processes, settlement and management of disputes and conflicts (Barnett & McMichael, 2018).
• In this project we shall propound the effective linkages between land tenure and climatic conditions in South Pacific regions and effectively show the impact of climate resilience on the land tenure system in this region.
• Climate Resilience in South PacificThe region of South Pacific experiences high impact climate changes which affect the economic functioning of the economies in these regions. Reports of International Panel on climate change indicate that the areas of South Pacific are among the top regions that faces most risks from natural disasters and adverse climatic conditions. Global warming in the recent decades has increased the instance of flood and drought in these areas. Thus, there is high level of exposure to natural hazard and poor economic and social situations make them vulnerable. Cyclones, earthquakes and tsunamis have occurred frequently in South Pacific regions in the recent decades which the researcher confirms are the direct impact of global warming. El Nino Southern Oscillation greatly affects their climatic variability. While the natural regional climate cycles are influenced by extreme climatic conditions like drought, flooding and tropical cyclones. Thereby affecting the crops, homes, buildings, roads and the entire communication infrastructure is messed up due to these adverse climatic situations. Alteration in climatic cycles, increase in sea levels and increase in climatic conditions reduces the availability of land suitable for human settlement and thereby affects the agricultural production.
• Land Tenure Issues in South PacificLand tenure is a method in which land is held by an authority with the capable ownership. Customarily there is a relationship between the people with respect to the land and the natural resources. It is a system of rules that define the ways by which land is held and allocates property rights by securing and enforcing the required laws and regulations. In most of the regions of Southern Pacific the tenure type is freehold or usufruct titles to informal settlements that are structured without the formal records of the government.
• Customary land tenure is also predominant in these areas. This system has a complex arrangements and methods of allocating land and natural resources and dispute resolution which are effectively understood by the members of the community. Global changes in the pattern of the land use have also altered and accelerated the land conversion rates and are the major reasons that contribute to the ecological disruptions (Yamada et al., 2019).
• Further unsustainable urbanization affects the health and poses to be the hazardous threat to the biodiversity and the natural habitats. This is obvious that human development choices has directly and negatively impacted the natural world and thereby disrupted the sustainable aspects of the climatic conditions.
• Effect of Climate Change on Land useRising sea level has resulted in the gradual inundation of the low-lying areas and this contributed to the increase in the severe storm surges flooding and thereby threatening the viability of the coastal areas. International Panel of Climate Change is estimated that the mean rise of the global sea level will be about 26 to 98 cm by 2050. Small islands, mainly the islands of the South Pacific regions are highly exposed to the increase in the sea levels and islands like Tuvalu and Kiribati are the most vulnerable islands with 33% and 55% of their land under and elevation of 5 meter. Vanuatu and Solomon Islands on the other hand are less exposed to the threat of inundation.
• This is also contemplated by the fact that the economic viability of these coastal areas also decreases the land resources and increases the potential damage to the loss of life due to storms and flooding. The panel for climatic changes also reported that the sea level rise will also lead to the permanent displacement of the coastal areas in the recent decade. Thereby, this will increase the risk of tension and conflict in these coastal areas. Extreme storms like tropical cyclones, hailstorms, blizzards, tornadoes, coastal storm surges, riverside floods and heat waves damages the infrastructure, livestock and public buildings and therefore leads to potential and vulnerable consequences (Mimura, 2018).
• Floods leads to short term displacement as people leave their homes for safer places. However these people suffer from extremely vulnerable situations that affect their homes and livelihood. Climate change is likely to increase migration as well as temporary displacement of people. In this aspect the government master response with a support to the migrating decisions that provides livelihoods and ensure to secure land tenure and property rights. This should be addressed through proper implementation of cultural appropriations and relocations of the affected people to their property when situations are under control (Froese & Schilling, 2019).
• Increased migration to the urban areas has negative environmental impacts and increases the competition for land. Therefore, the government must contemplate with a improvised land use planning. Regulations must ensure up gradation of land tenure system and land adjustment by planned allocation. Effective measures must be taken to facilitate migration as an adaptive response during adverse climatic conditions.
• Effective coordination should also be address between land use planning, flood, risk management, drainage and coastal protection. Disasters often damage arable land make it unsuitable for cultivation and other social purpose. Therefore, these affects the landholders and they face an extensive issue of finding alternative sources of livelihood (Fletcher et al., 2018). This compels them to migrate into urban areas which led to rapid urbanization in the recent decades. Urbanization has indirectly affected the competition for land and impacted on land tenure rights in agricultural sub-urban areas.
• Linkage between Land Tenure and Climate Resilience in South PacificSouth Pacific Island Nations are highly devastated by extreme climatic conditions in the recent decades. In April 2020 a tropical cyclone Harold caused severe destruction in Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji and Tonga (McEvoy, Mitchell & Trundle, 2020). It is evident to note that urbanization in South Pacific Nations is taking place rapidly in the recent decade. Urban growth rates are higher than the population growth rates in all the Pacific economies. Thus, these aspects largely affected the land settlement. With the increase in informal settlement and the challenges of evictions and discrimination with vulnerable and marginalized segments of the society also increased.
• Land and Climate VulnerabilitiesUrbanization has led to poverty and hazard prone dwelling in the urban areas. Lack of access of drinking water and sanitation lack of basic services and overcrowded informal settlements are some of the vulnerabilities that are recorded in the land use. Rapid urbanization and lack of affordable land led to informal settlement by affecting the natural diversity and disrupting the eco-logical balances in a region (Barnett, 2018).
• Overpopulation in the urban areas led to the depletion of groundwater and pollution has been a major that contributes to the rise in the urban temperature. Air pollution and water pollution are typical aspects of urbanization that has been the driving factors for the global warming in the recent decades. Moreover, informal settlement includes houses those are built from poor quality materials that create vulnerabilities to the existing and future climate impacts. This reflects poor land use planning which affects the climatic vulnerability (Cheer et al., 2019). Poor land tenure security affects the displacement program when there are extreme adversities like earthquake or floods. There are no legal records of the settlement and hence it becomes difficult to assess and reach out to the victims.
• ConclusionClimate resilience is an important aspect that it is having a profound impact on the land tenure system. Adverse climatic changes have affected leading to vulnerable use age of land in the South Pacific regions. This report examines the interrelationship between land tenure and climate vulnerability. The facts and figures owing to geographical and economical aspects confirms the fact that climate resilience in the South Pacific region has adversely affected the migratory pattern of the people and led to an increased competition of the land use. It upholds complex and interlinked challenges that are faced by the marginalized communities.
• It is evident that effective land governance and an effective land tenure security must be obtained for a sustainable and equitable development of these marginalized regions facing the adversities of the climatic extremities. It is obvious from our discussion that climate change is a contemplated consequence of population growth, migration, Land Reforms and increasing urbanization. Climate change has also resulted in constant access to arable land water and forests. Therefore, a secured land tenure rights must be implemented to support alternative livelihoods by changing the traditional migratory aspects of the communities. Changing global environment has led to permanent displacement of people and altered seasonal migration patterns that has increased the risk of conflict between the communities in terms of social and economic aspects. Therefore, good land governance must address these adversities and proper environmental regulations must be initiated.
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• ReferencesBarnett, J & McMichael, C 2018, The effects of climate change on the geography and timing of human mobility. Population and Environment, 39(4), pp.339-356.
• Barnett, J 2018, Dangerous climate change in the Pacific Islands: food production and food security. Regional Environmental Change, 11(1), pp.229-237.
• Charan, D, Kaur, M & Singh, P 2017, Customary land and climate change induced relocation—a case study of Vunidogoloa Village, Vanua Levu, Fiji. In Climate change adaptation in Pacific countries (pp. 19-33). Springer, Cham.
• Cheer, JM, Pratt, S, Tolkach, D, Bailey, A, Taumoepeau, S & Movono, A 2018, Tourism in Pacific island countries: A status quo round?up. Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies, 5(3), pp.442-461.
• Fletcher, SM, Thiessen, J, Gero, A, Rumsey, M, Kuruppu, N & Willetts, J 2018, Traditional coping strategies and disaster response: Examples from the South Pacific region. Journal of environmental and public health, 2013.
• Froese, R & Schilling, J 2019, The nexus of climate change, land use, and conflicts. Current climate change reports, 5(1), pp.24-35.
• Govan, H 2019, Achieving the potential of locally managed marine areas in the South Pacific. SPC Traditional Marine Resource Management and Knowledge Information Bulletin, 25(July).
• McEvoy, D, Mitchell, D & Trundle, A 2020, Land tenure and urban climate resilience in the South Pacific. Climate and development, 12(1), pp.1-11.
• Mimura, N 2018, Vulnerability of island countries in the South Pacific to sea level rise and climate change. Climate research, 12(2-3), pp.137-143.
• Yamada, K, Nunn, PD, Mimura, N, Machida, S & Yamamoto, M 2019, METHODOLOGY FOR THE ASSESS MIENT OF VULNERA E ILITY OF SOUTH PACIFIC ISL, AND COUNTRIES TO SEA-LEVEL, RISE AND CLIMATE. Journal of Global Environment Engineering, 1, pp.101-125.
   

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