Unrealistic Optimism, Pessimism Measurement Scale (ROUOP-SP) - Nursing Assignment Help

Assignment Task

Task
Development of a Self-Reported Measure of Optimism: The single factor Realistic Optimism and Unrealistic Optimism, Pessimism Measurement Scale (ROUOP-S)
Introduction
Optimism is believed to be an adaptive construct that begun to appear in positive psychology and has been related with outcomes such as increased positive mood, persistence with tasks, success in a variety of interpersonal domains, and mental and physical health. (Conversano et al. 2010). In contrast, pessimism tends to be related with poor quality outcomes such as depression and increased mortality rates (Conversano et al. 2010). While existing scales signify that optimism and pessimism exist at opposing ends of a spectrum (Scheier et al. 1994), it may perhaps be that optimism and pessimism are distinct concepts (Marshall et al. 1992). Nevertheless, researchers observed that pessimism and optimism are empirically different and neglected to discover bipolarity (Dember et al.1989, & Marshall et al.1992).

The current measurement used to measure optimism is the LOT-R which sums up the four items that measure pessimism and would create a separate pessimism measure (Mroczek et al.1993); convergent validity for the RUOD would be demonstrated by having a strong correlation to the results found on the LOT-R in regard to pessimism, individuals creating higher pessimism scores on the LOT-R will similarly produce higher pessimism scores on the RUOD. On the other hand, persons who are considered pessimists have a personality profile that result in those persons having a pessimistic view of life also having a characteristic profile that demonstrates a minor correlation to those personality traits of openness (Sharpe et al. 2011) it may-be anticipated that there may-be a small correlation among the subscale of openness and intellect in the mini IPIP and URP (Donellan et al. 2006).

In current research, optimism and pessimism have been operationalised as separate constructs, whilst optimism was also further operationalised as being the multidimensional construct of realistic optimism and realistic pessimism. Unrealistic optimism has been found to lead towards risky behaviour that could lead towards significantly negative consequences. According to Shepperd et al (2016) unrealistic optimism produces adverse outcomes that may at times lead to harmful, risk-taking behaviours, and poor health, such as smoking, and these such maladaptive behaviours result in persisting with these behaviours until they become entrenched. According to research by Shepperd et al (2016) unrealistic optimism is consistently present and creates adverse outcomes and may be harmful in people’s future; unrealistic optimism is widespread in law, medicine, and psychology (Shepperd et al. 2013). Whilst Shepperd et al. (2013) suggest there is no specific reason, it could be reasonably suggested for bad outcomes stemming from unrealistic expectation bias that research into optimism as a multidimensional construct has importance. Research into the relationship among the Big Five factors of personality and optimism while, Sharpe, et al. (2011) discovered that optimism was found to correlate to extraversion whereas pessimism was found to be related to neuroticism.
Therefore, this research paper intends to focus on the gap in earlier research through conceding that optimism and pessimism are different constructs. In the current research, Optimism is introduced as a multidimensional construct of realistic optimism and unrealistic optimism in the development of a new scale measurement, Optimism scale (ROUOP-S).
HYPOTHESES:
It was hypothesised that the new measurement for optimism would be multidimensional for unrealistic optimism, realistic optimism and pessimism and each item on the scale is expected to measure optimism.
In order to test for discriminate validity, it was hypothesised that there would be a non-significant positive correlation relationship between the Mini IPIP subscale for Intellect (Donellan et al. 2006) and the factors realistic optimism and unrealistic optimism.
In order to test for discriminate validity, it was hypothesised that there would be a non-significant negative correlation between the Mini IPIP subscale for Intellect (Donellan et al.2006) and pessimism.
In order to illustrate convergent validity, it was hypothesised that there would be a strong positive correlation between scores of optimism between the mini-IPIP subscale for extraversion.
In order to illustrate convergent validity, it was hypothesised that there would be a strong positive correlation between scores of pessimism between the mini-IPIP subscale for neuroticism.
In order to test for discriminant validity, it was hypothesised that the new measurement of optimism would have a weak or no significant correlation with extraversion.
Finally, in order to test for convergent validity, it was hypothesised that there would be a strong significant correlation between realistic optimism, unrealistic optimism and extraversion.
 

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