Water Droplets Effects on an airfoil Aerodynamic Performance - Engineering Assignment Help

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Abstract—Wind turbines do not operate only by the effects of the external airflow but with some adverse atmospheric conditions and environmental agents. Surface contamination, erosion, rain or ice accretion are some of them that contribute to an increase of the roughness in the airfoil and therefore to energy losses. We have developed a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model to evaluate the fluid film formation over the DU91W(2)250 airfoil at three different angles of attack, zero, four and six degrees respectively, through the Lagrangian Multiphase Model (LMP). The fluid film thickness and its total amount of mass were calculated over time. We observed slight differences in the pressure coefficients in light rainy conditions confirming the sensitive of the airfoils to the appearance of a water film layer on them. Keywords—Airfoil, multiphase flow, numerical simulation, rain droplets, wind turbines.

I. INTRODUCTION he depletion of global fossil fuel reserves in the last years has served to focus attention on the development of ecologically compatible and renewable energy sources. Wind is at present the second largest power generating capacity in the European Union after overtaking coal in 2016 [1], showing the significant impact in the last years of research fields such as the active and passive flow control devices [2] and the airfoil designs. However, adverse atmospheric conditions such as surface contamination due to the impact of small insects in This work was supported by Consolidated Groups from the Basque Government. I. Aramendia is with the the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU. He is now with the Nuclear Engineering and Fluid Mechanics Department, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Alava 01006 Spain (corresponding author to provide phone: +34 945014123; e-mail: inigo.aramendia@ehu.eus). U. Fernandez-Gamiz is with the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU. He is now with the Nuclear Engineering and Fluid Mechanics Department, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Alava 01006 Spain (e-mail: unai.fernandez@ehu.eus). A. Lopez-Arraiza is with the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU. He is now with the Department of Nautical Science and Marine Systems, Bilbao, Bizkaia 48013 Spain (e-mail: alberto.lopeza@ehu.eus). M. A. Gomez-Solaetxe is with the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU. He is now with the Department of Nautical Science and Marine Systems, Bilbao, Bizkaia 48013 Spain (e-mail: miguel.solaetxe@ehu.eus). J. M. Lopez-Guede is with the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU. He is now with the Systems Engineering and Automatics Department, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Alava 01006 Spain (e-mail: jm.lopez@ehu.eus). J. Sancho is with the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU. He is now with the Nuclear Engineering and Fluid Mechanics Department, VitoriaGasteiz, Alava 01006 Spain (e-mail: javier.sancho@ehu.eus). the blades, or erosion because of dust particles, lead to undesirable effects on aerodynamic performance. Besides, wind turbines working in cold regions or at high altitudes are exposed to heavy rain and icing condition during winter operation. Parent and Ilinca described the ice accretion effects on wind turbines and the main icing mitigation systems based on two main strategies: anti-icing and de-icing [3]. \

Investigating the effects of all of these phenomena is necessary to improve the design and performance of wind turbines. With respect to rain some experimental studies were carried out to check its influence and effects, although most of them on aircraft applications [4]-[7]. Dunham performed several wind-tunnel experimental studies to explore the effect of rain on airfoils [8]. His results showed that rain can act as a surface contaminant, causing early boundary-layer transition for low Reynolds number and natural laminar-flow airfoils. Additionally, he reported that the sensitivity of the airfoil section to rain effects was probably dependent on the wettability of the surface. On the other hand, he also studied high-lift airfoils such as the NACA 64-210 and NACA 0012. They showed different sensitivities to a simulated rain spray. With both airfoils in a flapped configuration, significant reductions in maximum lift capability were noted. In addition, the effect of rain on lift occurred near the region of maximum lift and little effect was observed at lower angles of attack. At present, few experimental studies have been carried out with wind turbine applications.

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