Written Critique – Review and Critique of a Case Study that Depicts the Care Provided to a Patient - Medical Science Assignment Help

Assignment Task:

Task:

Written Critique – Review and critique of a case study that depicts the care provided to a patient and their family in a palliative setting. Critical analysis will be based upon a Clinical Practice Guideline (CPG) to improve patient care
Please select : “ end of life care CPG” to critique and discuss the care provided to Tyler in the Case Scenario
To complete this task you will need to discuss and critique relevant elements of the CPG and case study whilst upholding the National Palliative Care Standards at least one of:
• NSQHS
• NMBA standards and/or
Requirement:
Review and critique the care given to the patient against the CPG you have selected and provide evidence to support your critique through additional research that you will undertake
Highlight the importance of the National Palliative Care Standards and at least one of the NSQHSS and/or the NMBA Standards and how they influence our practice 
Demonstrate knowledge on the illness trajectory of Motor Neurone Disease (MND) in line with Palliative Care Principles
Provide links between the case study and your chosen CPG to identify highlights or limitations in care 
Ensure that your sources are all contemporary (within the last five years) and from evidence based sources)
Case study:
The Patient:
Tyler Morton is a 40-year-old man who spent is childhood and teenage years in Brisbane. Tyler, whilst growing up excelled in all sports and represented QLD in the state Cricket Team. Upon completing high school, Tyler graduated from the University of Queensland with a Bachelor of Business Management before joining the Royal Australian Airforce as a Pilot in 2004. Whilst training to become a Pilot, Tyler met is future wife Catherine in Newcastle and this is where the couple settled to commence their family. Tyler and Catherine have 3 Children. Catherine is a stay at home Mum to:
·         Andrea (8 Years)
·         Jessica (5 years)
·         Erin (2 Years)
Being from Newcastle, Catherine’s Family is very close to Tyler and Catherine and spend a lot of time together. Tyler’s Family is in Brisbane and has only minimal contact with Tyler and his young Family. Unfortunately, Catherine and Tyler’s mother Joyce do not get along and this causes a lot of conflict in the marriage.
18 months ago
Tyler experienced some weakness in his left hand. His grip strength was not a strong as his right hand and he found he would be dropping anything that he picked up. Tyler also noted he was getting short of breath without exertion. Considering his general fitness is quite good, this was highly abnormal. Tyler made an appointment with the GP on the Airforce base to discuss this concern.
After multiple MRI’s and blood tests and lumbar punctures (over a 3-month period), Tyler was diagnosed with Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). At the time of diagnosis, Tyler’s weakness in his left hand had progressed to his right hand and he had developed a foot drop in his left ankle.
Upon diagnosis, Catherine was adamant that the children were not going to be told the reason that Dad is no longer working. Tyler’s diagnosis also caused more stress and tension with the relationship between Catherine and Joyce. Joyce wanted to visit and be there with her son, however Catherine was not supportive of Joyce and Tyler’s brothers visiting.
12 months ago
Around 6 months after initial symptoms and 3 months after diagnosis, Tyler’s condition had deteriorated. Tyler now required a walking frame to mobilise. His dyspnoea has increased, he was suffering from headaches and was generally fatigued. Tyler was being assessed by a respiratory specialist for the requirement of Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) especially at night. Tyler now suffers from dysphagia and was being assessed in consultation with the respiratory specialist and dietician for the need for a gastrostomy.
6 months ago
Tyler’s condition has continued to deteriorate. Due to insufficient nutritional intake secondary to dysphagia, Tyler had a gastrostomy inserted. Since insertion, he has had numerous infections at the insertion site. Tyler also requires assistance of NIV mainly at night, however the demand has increased significantly over the last couple of weeks. Tyler’s mobility is limited. He walks intermittently with the use of an aid and one person. His mobility is limited due to progressive foot drop and increased dyspnoea. With his condition worsening, Tyler initiated the difficult conversation with Catherine about his mortality. Catherine is still not accepting of Tyler’s condition nor is she wanting the Children to know the extent of Tyler’s condition. Tyler completed an Advanced Health Care Directive and he ensured both Catherine and his mother Joyce had a copy. Tyler is currently visited weekly by the Community Palliative Care Team and he has daily support from Community nurse to assist with his activities of daily living.
Despite Tyler’s progressive physical deterioration and the ongoing tensions with Catherine’s inability to accept his condition, Tyler values the time he gets to spend with his 3 girls. Watching them play together and their interactions are invaluable to Tyler. Tyler has insisted that his mother and brothers are able to visit monthly. When his family visit, Catherine generally takes the girls and leaves Tyler at home. Although this an ideal situation, Tyler has come to accept the conflict between Catherine and Joyce. Tyler is also still in contact with his colleagues from the Airforce who visit him frequently.
Past Medical Hx

• # R) Wrist as a child
• Asthma
• Current History
• Weakness in left and right hands
• Increase in dysponea on exertion and at rest
• Restlessness/ sleeplessness nocte
• Headaches
• Dysphagia
• Low mood
• Constipation
• Foot drop left foot
• Increase demand for NIV
• 02 Therapy
• Peg Feeds
• Intermittent infections Peg site
• Gathering new Information 
• Tyler's vital signs when visited by the Palliative Care Nurse:
• 0900 hrs
• RR: 24
• HR: 60
• BP: 120/70
• SaO2: 92% on 2Lmin NP
• GCS: 14/15
• Temp: 38.2 degrees
• 1300 hrs
• RR: 24
• HR: 70
• BP: 120/70
• SaO2: 92% on 2Lmin NP
• GCS: 14/15
• Temp: 38.6 degrees
• 1900 hrs
• RR: 26
• HR: 88
• BP: 120/70
• SaO2: 92% on 2Lmin NP
• GCS: 14/15
• Temp: 39.2 degrees
• Patient Notes from Community Nurses over 24-hour Period:
• “Patient’s mobility has decreased. He is now spending more time in bed secondary to weakness in arms and legs. Increased requirement of care from 1 person to 2 people to transfer patient. Patient appears more SOB. O2 therapy and NIV continues. Peg feeds continuing as per regimen. Patient’s mood appears low. Friends in attendance during visit. Patient communicating in short bursts.”
• “Patient RIB during visit. Patient’s position altered. Patient sleeping for most of nursing visit. Patient appears more fatigued. Extra analgesia administered as per patients request. Peg feeds continue as per regimen. Wife and youngest child in attendance during visit. Patient appears warm to touch. Fan applied to assist with climate control.”
• “Patient appears very drowsy throughout visit. Patient appears flushed in the face and remains warm to touch. Peg feed disconnected as per regimen. Peg site appears red and inflamed. Swab taken from Peg site for pathology. Patient appears in discomfort. Paracetamol 1gram given via peg. Oramorph 5mg given via PEG. NIV connected. Patient repositioned in bed. Patient’s wife was attending to children during nursing visit. Wife reports spending more time sleeping throughout the day. Voice message left for doctor review mane.”
• Regular Medications Dose Indication
• Diazepam 5mg Nocte Anxiety
• MS Contin Suspension Controlled Release 20mg BD Pain
• Movicol 1 Sachet BD Constipation
• Amitriptyline 25mg Nocte Sialorrhea
• Multivitamin Suspension 20mls OD  
• Paracetamol 1g QID Pain
•      
• PRN Medications    
• Oramorph 5mg 4/24 Pain/ Discomfort
• Clonadine0.1mg Nocte Sialorrhea
• Microlax Enema 1 tube Constipation
• Review of Medical Officer from Palliative Care Community Service
• The medical officer (MO) reviewed Tyler after concerns raised by Registered Nurse. Tyler had developed another peg site infection. It was discussed with Tyler the need for IV antibiotics. The MO suggested admission to hospital for treatment, however Tyler was not keen on this suggestion. After discussing hospital admission with both Tyler and Catherine together, it was decided that this was not an option. The Community Palliative Care Team would provide further care to Tyler with provision of IVAB's in the home. It was arranged for Tyler to have a day visit to the local hospital for insertion of a PICC line due to expected long duration of antibiotics.
• Notes made by MO following review of Tyler:"Overall decline in patient's condition on observation. Physically dependent for all activities of daily living.""Patient appears to be orientated to person, place and time. Some confusion at times, most likely due to infection present.""Patient's wife appears to be supportive of patient and his decisions. It is my observations that the patient's wife is expecting a full recovery from current infection. It is uncertain of her understanding of the patients condition." Palliative Care Phase – Unstable
• Wednesday afternoon 
• Tyler’s peg site appears to be less inflamed and redness has subsided a little. Tyler remains warm to touch. RN administered PRN oramorph to assist with Tyler distress and discomfort. Tyler has developed a wheeze. Repositioned to the semi- recumbent position to assist with breathing. Tyler appeared slightly confused, although was orientated place, person, and time. Tyler’s mood appears low. He puts a brave face on when his daughters are around, however Catherine is noticing a significant difference in his demeanour.
• Thursday morning
• Tyler is visited by the Palliative Care Registered Nurse. Catherine is out dropping the children at school. Tyler appears to be extremely short of breath and struggling to breathe. O2 2L via NP was insitu. The RN applied NIV to assist Tyler with his breathing. 
• Thursday afternoon
• When attending to Tyler’s personal cares, Tyler made some requests to the RN. He asked for the CPAP machine to be removed, more analgesia for his increased pain and discomfort, he requested for arrangements to be made for a bed in the hospice and requested for his mother and brothers to be contacted. The RN spoke with Catherine regarding contacting Tyler’s extended family. Time was spent with Catherine talking about Tyler’s condition at present. Tyler was orientated to person, place and time.
• Catherine did not want to share this time with Joyce and Tyler’s brothers and therefore she did not contact them.
• Friday morning – Sunday morning
• Tyler was visited 3 times per day by the palliative care team. At different times nurses and social workers visited.
• Symptom management included:
• Break through intermittent pain relief
• Pressure area care
• Dyspnoea relief – intermittent use of CPAP combined with 02 therapy
• Mouth cares
• Peg feeds continued
• Support and counselling given to Catherine
• Sunday afternoon
•  When the palliative care nurse visited Tyler, she found him to be restless and agitated. Tyler stated he was in pain, and he just wanted it all to be over. Tyler asked again after his mother and brothers and the chance of being transferred to the hospice. After a thorough assessment, talking to Tyler and Catherine extensively, the nurse implemented the following:
• Subcutaneous butterfly (waiting for the order for continuous analgesia infusion)
• Called the hospice and arranged a bed for the following morning
• Peg feeds discontinued
• Called Joyce to inform her of Tyler’s condition
• A syringe driver containing morphine, haloperidol and ondansetron was commenced after an order was received from the MO.
• A hospice bed was arranged for transfer Monday afternoon.
• Joyce and Tyler’s brothers were making flight arrangements to be there asap.
• Modified Karnofsky Score - 30
• RUG-ADL - 17
• Tyler is now in the Terminal Palliative Care Phase
• Monday morning
• Upon arrival of the palliative care nurse, Tyler appeared still and comfortable. His breathing was short, shallow and laboured with a respiration rate of 5. Catherine was sitting by Tyler’s bedside. Tyler’s girls were visiting neighbors. Joyce and Tyler’s brothers were due to arrive at 1pm.
• At 1025 hrs, Tyler’s respiration rate decreased further. Upon inspection, Tyler’s peripheral extremities were cyanosed. Tyler’s pupils were fixed and dilated, and he took is last breath with Catherine by his side in the family home.

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